Search for: All records

Abstract Laser ablation is a process that bears both fundamental physics interest and has wide industrial applications. For decades, the lack of probes on the relevant time and length scales has prevented access to the highly nonequilibrium phase decomposition processes triggered by laser excitation. In this study, a close integration of time-resolved probing by intense femtosecond X-ray pulses with large-scale atomistic modeling has yielded unique insights into the ablation dynamics of thin gold films irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses. The emergence and growth of nanoscale density heterogeneities in the expanding ablation plume, predicted in the simulations, are mapped to the rapid evolution of distinct small angle diffraction features. This mapping enables identification of the characteristic signatures of different phase decomposition processes occurring simultaneously in the plume, which are driven by photomechanical and thermodynamic driving forces. Beyond the specific insights into the ablation phenomenon, this study demonstrates the power of joint X-ray probing and atomistic modeling of material dynamics under extreme conditions of thermal and mechanical nonequilibrium. 

Abstract The Msh2–Msh3 mismatch repair (MMR) complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae recognizes and directs repair of insertion/deletion loops (IDLs) up to ∼17 nucleotides. Msh2–Msh3 also recognizes and binds distinct looped and branched DNA structures with varying affinities, thereby contributing to genome stability outside post-replicative MMR through homologous recombination, double-strand break repair (DSBR) and the DNA damage response. In contrast, Msh2–Msh3 promotes genome instability through trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansions, presumably by binding structures that form from single-stranded (ss) TNR sequences. We previously demonstrated that Msh2–Msh3 binding to 5′ ssDNA flap structures interfered with Rad27 (Fen1 in humans)-mediated Okazaki fragment maturation (OFM) in vitro. Here we demonstrate that elevated Msh2–Msh3 levels interfere with DNA replication and base excision repair in vivo. Elevated Msh2–Msh3 also induced a cell cycle arrest that was dependent on RAD9 and ELG1 and led to PCNA modification. These phenotypes also required Msh2–Msh3 ATPase activity and downstream MMR proteins, indicating an active mechanism that is not simply a result of Msh2–Msh3 DNA-binding activity. This study provides new mechanistic details regarding how excess Msh2–Msh3 can disrupt DNA replication and repair and highlights the role of Msh2–Msh3 protein abundance in Msh2–Msh3-mediated genomic instability. 

ABSTRACT Expression of the Escherichia coli dnaN -encoded β clamp at ≥10-fold higher than chromosomally expressed levels impedes growth by interfering with DNA replication. A mutant clamp (β E202K bearing a glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution at residue 202) binds to DNA polymerase III (Pol III) with higher affinity than the wild-type clamp, suggesting that its failure to impede growth is independent of its ability to sequester Pol III away from the replication fork. Our results demonstrate that the dnaN E202K strain underinitiates DNA replication due to insufficient levels of DnaA-ATP and expresses several DnaA-regulated genes at altered levels, including nrdAB , that encode the class 1a ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). Elevated expression of nrdAB was dependent on hda function. As the β clamp-Hda complex regulates the activity of DnaA by stimulating its intrinsic ATPase activity, this finding suggests that the dnaN E202K allele supports an elevated level of Hda activity in vivo compared with the wild-type strain. In contrast, using an in vitro assay reconstituted with purified components the β E202K and wild-type clamp proteins supported comparable levels of Hda activity. Nevertheless, co-overexpression of the nrdAB -encoded RNR relieved the growth defect caused by elevated levels of the β clamp. These results support a model in which increased cellular levels of DNA precursors relieve the ability of elevated β clamp levels to impede growth and suggest either that multiple effects stemming from the dnaN E202K mutation contribute to elevated nrdAB levels or that Hda plays a noncatalytic role in regulating DnaA-ATP by sequestering it to reduce its availability. IMPORTANCE DnaA bound to ATP acts in initiation of DNA replication and regulates the expression of several genes whose products act in DNA metabolism. The state of the ATP bound to DnaA is regulated in part by the β clamp-Hda complex. The dnaN E202K allele was identified by virtue of its inability to impede growth when expressed ≥10-fold higher than chromosomally expressed levels. While the dnaN E202K strain exhibits several phenotypes consistent with heightened Hda activity, the wild-type and β E202K clamp proteins support equivalent levels of Hda activity in vitro . Taken together, these results suggest that β E202K -Hda plays a noncatalytic role in regulating DnaA-ATP. This, as well as alternative models, is discussed. 

ABSTRACT Expression of the Escherichia coli dnaN -encoded β clamp at ≥10-fold higher than chromosomally expressed levels impedes growth by interfering with DNA replication. We hypothesized that the excess β clamp sequesters the replicative DNA polymerase III (Pol III) to inhibit replication. As a test of this hypothesis, we obtained eight mutant clamps with an inability to impede growth and measured their ability to stimulate Pol III replication in vitro . Compared with the wild-type clamp, seven of the mutants were defective, consistent with their elevated cellular levels failing to sequester Pol III. However, the β E202K mutant that bears a glutamic acid-to-lysine substitution at residue 202 displayed an increased affinity for Pol IIIα and Pol III core (Pol IIIαεθ), suggesting that it could still sequester Pol III effectively. Of interest, β E202K supported in vitro DNA replication by Pol II and Pol IV but was defective with Pol III. Genetic experiments indicated that the dnaN E202K strain remained proficient in DNA damage-induced mutagenesis but was induced modestly for SOS and displayed sensitivity to UV light and methyl methanesulfonate. These results correlate an impaired ability of the mutant β E202K clamp to support Pol III replication in vivo with its in vitro defect in DNA replication. Taken together, our results (i) support the model that sequestration of Pol III contributes to growth inhibition, (ii) argue for the existence of an additional mechanism that contributes to lethality, and (iii) suggest that physical and functional interactions of the β clamp with Pol III are more extensive than appreciated currently. IMPORTANCE The β clamp plays critically important roles in managing the actions of multiple proteins at the replication fork. However, we lack a molecular understanding of both how the clamp interacts with these different partners and the mechanisms by which it manages their respective actions. We previously exploited the finding that an elevated cellular level of the β clamp impedes Escherichia coli growth by interfering with DNA replication. Using a genetic selection method, we obtained novel mutant β clamps that fail to inhibit growth. Their analysis revealed that β E202K is unique among them. Our work offers new insights into how the β clamp interacts with and manages the actions of E. coli DNA polymerases II, III, and IV. 

Abstract The semiconductor tracker (SCT) is one of the tracking systems for charged particles in the ATLAS detector. It consists of 4088 silicon strip sensor modules.During Run 2 (2015–2018) the Large Hadron Collider delivered an integrated luminosity of 156 fb -1 to the ATLAS experiment at a centre-of-mass proton-proton collision energy of 13 TeV. The instantaneous luminosity and pile-up conditions were far in excess of those assumed in the original design of the SCT detector.Due to improvements to the data acquisition system, the SCT operated stably throughout Run 2.It was available for 99.9% of the integrated luminosity and achieved a data-quality efficiency of 99.85%.Detailed studies have been made of the leakage current in SCT modules and the evolution of the full depletion voltage, which are used to study the impact of radiation damage to the modules.